Performance of the basic fetal cardiac ultrasound examination. Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Three-dimensional (3D) and 4D color Doppler fetal echocardiography using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC). Matrix array transducer for the examination of fetal heart. La Torre R, Bevilacqua E, D’Ambrosio V, et al. Real-time three-dimensional foetal echocardiography using a new transabdominal xMATRIX array transducer. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of ventricular volume, mass, and function in human fetuses. Advanced echocardiographic imaging of the congenitally malformed heart. Simultaneous real-time imaging of four-chamber and left ventricular outflow tract views using xPlane imaging capability of a matrix array probe. Applications of 2-dimensional matrix array for 3- and 4-dimensional examination of the fetus: a pictorial essay. Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, et al. Real-time 3-dimensional fetal echocardiography with an instantaneous volume-rendered display: early description and pictorial essay. Validation of volume and mass assessments for human fetal heart imaging by 4-dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation echocardiography: in vitro balloon model experiments. Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): a new tool for the prenatal screening of congenital heart defects. Live three-dimensional echocardiography of the human fetus. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart with spatiotemporal image correlation. Goncalves LF, Lee W, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): new technology for evaluation of the fetal heart. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): sonographic screening examination of the fetal heart. International Society of Ultrasound in O, Gynecology, Carvalho JS, et al. Tricuspid regurgitation in the diagnosis of chromosomal anomalies in the fetus at 11-14 weeks of gestation. The role of fetal echocardiography in genetic sonography. The genetic sonogram: its use in the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses of women of advanced maternal age. Trisomy 21: 91% detection rate using second-trimester ultrasound markers. Second trimester ultrasonography may identify 77 to 97% of fetuses with trisomy 18. The use of color Doppler ultrasound to identify fetuses at increased risk for trisomy 21: an alternative for high-risk patients who decline genetic amniocentesis. Color Doppler examination of the outflow tracts of the fetal heart: a technique for identification of cardiovascular malformations. Ductus venosus index: a method for evaluating right ventricular preload in the second-trimester fetus. Simultaneous Doppler recording of the pulmonary artery and vein: a new technique for the evaluation of a fetal arrhythmia. The use of colour Doppler in fetal echocardiography. Doppler color flow mapping: a new technique for the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Doppler ultrasound in the fetus: a review of current applications. Doppler color flow mapping of the fetal heart. Maulik D, Nanda NC, Hsiung MC, Youngblood JP. Although the initial application of spatiotemporal imaging technology (STIC) was to simultaneous display three perpendicular planes obtained from a volume acquisition through the fetal chest, the addition of color and power Doppler to the volume acquisition has the following benefits: (1) For first trimester imaging of the fetal heart the rendered cardiovascular system displayed with radiant flow provides a virtual 3-dimensional model of the cardiovascular system and can be used to screen for major malformations that alter ventricular chamber size and alter the orientation of the outflow tracts (2) whether the examiner uses the A, B, and C planes to display the 2-dimensional color/power Doppler images or the transverse ultrasound imaging display, the addition of blood flow enhances the detection of congenital heart defects in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy and (3) the examiner can view 2-dimensional grayscale cardiac anatomy from a STIC volume, with or without the color/power Doppler display, thus allowing for more precise evaluation of blood flow patterns integrated with cardiac anatomical structures.
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